Taking care of my body and mind gives my immune system the best chance to do its job. This means it doesn’t have to work as hard fighting off toxins, germs, and infections or dealing with the effects of stress. 

It’s up to me to make this happen!

By building my physical and mental strength, learning my diet, knowing what should or should not go into my kitchen, drinking plenty of water, sleeping 7-8 hours, exercising often, and trying to worry less, I can get the most out of what my immune system can provide.

And there are Mushrooms!

Due to their potent bioactive compounds and specific mechanisms of action, medicinal mushrooms can support and improve the immune system’s efficiency. They offer a holistic approach to optimal health, whether in teas, extracts, or culinary dishes. 

This article summarizes the most effective mushrooms for immune health and their unique characteristics, mechanisms, and active ingredients.

Turkey Tail (Trametes (Coriolus) versicolor)

Characteristics: This mushroom has been used in traditional medicine for centuries. It is known for its vibrant, fan-shaped appearance, resembling a turkey’s tail.

Mechanism of Action: Turkey Tail is rich in Polysaccharopeptides (PSP) and polysaccharide-K (PSK), which enhance the immune system by stimulating macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells. These immune cells are essential for identifying and neutralizing pathogens and abnormal cells.

Active Ingredients:

• Polysaccharide-K (PSK)
• Polysaccharopeptides (PSP) 
• Beta-glucans

Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum)

Characteristics: Dubbed the “Mushroom of Immortality,” Reishi is prized for its adaptogenic properties and immune-enhancing capabilities.

Mechanism of Action: Reishi contains beta-glucans and triterpenoids, which modulate the immune response. Beta-glucans activate dendritic cells and NK cells, enhancing pathogen recognition. Triterpenoids exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects, supporting overall immune balance.

Active Ingredients:

• Beta-glucans
• Triterpenoids (ganoderic acid)
• Polysaccharides

Shiitake (Lentinula edodes)

Characteristics: Popular in culinary dishes, Shiitake also possesses potent medicinal properties that bolster immune health.

Mechanism of Action: Lentinan, a beta-glucan unique to Shiitake, enhances the activity of T-helper and NK cells. Additionally, Shiitake promotes the production of cytokines, signaling proteins that regulate immune responses.

Active Ingredients:

• Lentinan (beta-glucan)
• Eritadenine
• Polysaccharides

Maitake (Grifola frondosa)

Characteristics: Known as the “Dancing Mushroom,” Maitake has a rich, earthy flavor and exceptional immune-boosting properties.

Mechanism of Action: Maitake’s D-fraction, a highly purified beta-glucan, stimulates phagocytosis, where immune cells engulf and destroy harmful pathogens. This mushroom also enhances the production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), key mediators in immune defense.

Active Ingredients:

• Beta-glucans (D-fraction)
• Ergothioneine (antioxidant)
• Polysaccharides

Lion’s Mane (Hericium erinaceus)

Characteristics: Famed for its brain-boosting effects, Lion’s Mane also contributes to immune health.

Mechanism of Action: Lion’s Mane promotes the proliferation of beneficial gut bacteria, which is critical in immune system regulation. Its polysaccharides stimulate the activity of macrophages and other immune cells.

Active Ingredients:

• Hericenones and erinacines (nerve growth factors)
• Polysaccharides
• Beta-glucans

Chaga (Inonotus obliquus)

Characteristics: Often referred to as the “King of Medicinal Mushrooms,” Chaga is a powerhouse of antioxidants.

Mechanism of Action: Chaga’s Betulinic acid and polysaccharides activate immune cells and reduce oxidative stress, impairing immune function. Its melanin content contributes to its exceptional antioxidant capacity.

Active Ingredients:

• Betulinic acid
• Melanin
• Beta-glucans
• Polysaccharides

Cordyceps (Cordyceps militaris and Cordyceps sinensis)

Characteristics: Cordyceps is renowned for enhancing energy, endurance, and immune benefits.

Mechanism of Action: Cordyceps stimulates the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which boosts cellular energy and supports immune cell function. It also enhances the activity of macrophages and NK cells, improving pathogen elimination.

Active Ingredients:

• Cordycepin
• Adenosine
• Polysaccharides

The arrangement and connectivity of sugar molecules within polysaccharides determine their structure and, consequently, their effects. This diversity allows for various applications across various industries. Polysaccharides can be further classified based on their functions:

·         Storage polysaccharides: Like starch and glycogen, used for energy storage.

·         Structural polysaccharides, such as cellulose and chitin, provide structural support, strength, and protection for plants and some animals.

Chitin is Found in fungal cell walls and insect exoskeletons.

Beta-glucans (β-glucans) are a significant polysaccharide found abundantly in mushrooms and plants such as oats, rice, wheat, barley, rye, and several bacteria, yeasts, and algae. These compounds have gained attention for their potential health benefits and disease-prevention properties. The beta-glucans structure refers to how sugar molecules connect in the chain.

Connectivity: In mushrooms, beta-glucans are primarily of the1,3 type, where glucose molecules link from the first carbon of one molecule to the third carbon of the next.

Health Potential: Research suggests beta-glucans may support immune function and offer various health benefits.

Understanding polysaccharides, particularly beta-glucans from mushrooms, opens up numerous opportunities for innovation in several fields:

Nutraceuticals: Creating functional foods and dietary supplements.

Cosmetics: Formulating natural skin care products with potential anti-aging properties.

Food Industry: Enhancing nutritional profiles of products.

As decision-makers and industry professionals, recognizing the potential of fungal polysaccharides, especially beta-glucans, could lead to product developments and market opportunities. Investing in research and development in this area may yield significant returns as consumers increasingly seek natural, health-promoting ingredients.

References:

Powell M. Medicinal mushrooms: The essential guide. Mycology Press, 2013

Beta-Glucans from Fungi: Biological and Health-Promoting Potential: wona Mirończuk-Chodakowska,* Karolina Kujawowicz, and Anna Maria Witkowska

Drori A, Shabat Y, Ben Ya’acov A, et al. Extracts from Lentinula edodes (shiitake) edible mushrooms enriched with vitamin D exert an anti-inflammatory hepatoprotective effect. J Med Food 2016;19(4):383-389.

Rop O, Vlcek J, Jurikova T. Beta-glucans in higher fungi and their health effects. Nut Rev 2009;67(11):624-631.

Beat-glucan: Hanuman Bobade, … Savita Sharma, in Nutraceuticals and Health Care, 2022 Chi-Fung Chan G, Chan WK, Man-Yuen Sze D. The effects of β-glucan on human immune and cancer cells. J Hematol Oncol 2009;2:25.

Controlled Dosage: Gummies provide precise control over the dosage of mushroom extracts, guaranteeing that users receive an accurate and consistent amount of active compounds with every serving. This precision is vital for the efficacy of the supplement.

Versatility in Formulation: Gummies can be formulated with a broad spectrum of active ingredients, such as vitamins, minerals, and other supplements, making them a multifunctional health product. This wide range allows manufacturers to cater to a spectrum of health needs in a single product.

Consumer demand for nutritional products may influenced by changing preferences, particularly the growing embrace of vegan and vegetarian lifestyles. This shift has significantly impacted purchasing patterns in dietary supplements.

Traditionally, gummy supplements contain gelatin, but there is a notable shift towards plant-derived substitutes to cater to a more plant-focused consumer demographic. Manufacturers increasingly use alternatives like pectin, agar-agar, and other botanical gelling agents. 

Despite competition from traditional supplement formats like pills and capsules, gummies have carved out a distinct niche. Their unique attributes—pleasant taste, ease of consumption, and diverse formulations—make them particularly appealing. For consumers who find traditional supplements unappealing, gummies offer an attractive alternative. Ongoing innovation in gummy formulations continues to set them apart, challenging simple substitutions by other formats. Consumers are increasingly prioritizing products that combine good taste with health benefits, a trend especially noticeable in fortified chews containing vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. This growing popularity underscores a heightened awareness of maintaining good health through proper nutrition.

Manufacturers widely use gummies because of their optimal texture, cost-efficiency, and compatibility with various ingredients, which makes them highly desirable to consumers. 

However, plant-based alternatives are projected to experience the fastest growth, driven by increasing consumer awareness of clean-label products and the growing vegan population. This surge in demand for plant-based gummy products has led to introduce vegan or plant-based options, further expanding the market and catering to the evolving preferences of health-conscious consumers.

Recent research has explored natural substances and their combined effects on human health. Medicinal mushrooms offer promising neuroprotective benefits, including potential support for cognitive function and stress reduction. Dark chocolate, rich in flavonoids, has been associated with improved cognitive performance and mood due to its antioxidant properties and influence on neurotransmitter levels.

Medicinal Mushrooms
Medicinal mushrooms have demonstrated potential benefits for cognitive health:

Lion’s Mane: Promotes nerve growth factor (NGF) production, which supports cognitive function and may help reduce anxiety and depression.
Reishi: Improves mitochondrial function and shows neuroprotective properties that could benefit brain health.
Cordyceps: Protects neuronal cells from oxidative damage, potentially enhancing cognitive function.

Chocolate and Antioxidant Properties
Dark chocolate contains flavonoids that may contribute to cognitive health:
Flavonoids improve cerebral blood flow and provide antioxidant protection, potentially enhancing cognitive function, particularly in older adults.
Chocolate consumption can increase serotonin levels and provide mild stimulation through theobromine and caffeine, which may improve mood.

Possible Synergistic Effects
Combining medicinal mushrooms with chocolate may leverage their complementary benefits:
The antioxidant properties of mushrooms and chocolate could enhance cognitive function and protect against age-related cognitive decline.
The presence of serotonin modulation and mild stimulant effects may impact Mood enhancement.

In abstract
Combining medicinal mushrooms with chocolate presents an intriguing possibility for improving cognitive function and mood regulation. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms behind these potential synergies and to explore practical applications in enhancing overall neurological health.

Disclaimer
The information and products mentioned in this article are provided solely as informational resources and should not be used or relied upon to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. This information does not establish a patient-doctor relationship and is not a substitute for professional diagnosis and treatment.
The Food and Drug Administration has not evaluated the statements made in this article.
The products in this article are not to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. This information is designed primarily for educational purposes to inform readers about potential health benefits. However, it should differ from the importance of seeking medical advice from licensed medical physicians. Please consult your doctor or health practitioner for any medical advice.

Reference:
Study: Mori, K., et al. (2009). Improving effects of the mushroom Yamabushitake (Hericium erinaceus) on mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytotherapy Research, 23(3), 367-372.
Study: Nagano, M., et al. (2010). Reduction of depression and anxiety by four weeks of Hericium erinaceus intake. Biomedical Research, 31(4), 231-237.
Study: He, L., et al. (2020). Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides ameliorate cognition deficits by enhancing mitochondrial function and suppressing apoptosis in the rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 10, 1331.
Study: Zhou, L. W., & Zhang, Y. B. (2015). Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) and its therapeutic effects in neurological disorders. American Journal of Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration, 7(2), 91-106.
Study: Li, S. P., et al. (2006). A polysaccharide isolated from Cordyceps sinensis, a traditional Chinese medicine, protects PC12 cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced injury. Life Sciences, 79(3), 250-255.
Study: Kiho, T. et al. (1999). Structural features and hypoglycemic activity of a polysaccharide (CS-F30) from the cultured mycelium of Cordyceps sinensis. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 22(9), 966-970.
Study: Scholey, A., & Owen, L. (2013). Effects of chocolate on cognitive function and mood: a systematic review. Nutrients, 5(10), 3850-3867.
Study: Desideri, G., et al. (2012). Benefits in cognitive function, blood pressure, and insulin resistance through consumption of cocoa flavanol-rich dark chocolate in elderly subjects with mild cognitive impairment: the Cocoa, Cognition, and Aging (CoCoA) study. Hypertension, 60(3), 794-801.
Study: Parker, G., et al. (2006). Mood state effects of chocolate. Journal of Affective Disorders, 92(2-3), 149-159.
Study: Effect of Dark Chocolate on Nitric Oxide Serum Levels and Blood Pressure in Prehypertension Subjects Verawati Sudarma*, Sri Sukmaniah*, Parlindungan Siregar** * Departement of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia. Jl. Salemba 6, Jakarta Pusat 10430, Indonesia. ** Departement of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Combining medicinal mushrooms with Bacopa Monnieri and Vitania Somnifera (Ashwagandha) can create a synergistic blend that enhances attention, focus, and overall cognitive function. Here’s a closer look at how these ingredients contribute to mental health and why their combination is particularly beneficial. 

Medicinal Mushrooms

Lion’s Mane (Hericium erinaceus)

Neurogenesis and Neuroprotection: this may stimulate the production of nerve growth factor (NGF), which supports the growth and maintenance of neurons. This helps improve focus and cognitive function.

Anti-inflammatory Properties: Reduces inflammation in the brain, potentially protecting against neurodegenerative diseases and supporting mental clarity.

Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum)

Stress Reduction: Modulate the body’s stress response, helping reduce anxiety and improve cognitive function under stress.

Antioxidant Effects: Protect brain cells from oxidative stress, enhancing long-term cognitive health and focus.

Cordyceps (Cordyceps sinensis)

Energy and Endurance: May Increase ATP production, boosting brain energy levels and mental stamina.

Oxygen Utilization: Can Improve oxygen utilization, supporting overall brain function and mental clarity.

Bacopa Monnieri

Cognitive Enhancement

Memory and Learning: Bacopa Monnieri is well-known for improving memory retention and cognitive performance through its antioxidant properties and enhancing cerebral blood flow.

Attention and Focus: This may Help enhance attention span and focus, making it easier to concentrate on tasks.

Antioxidant Properties

Neuroprotection: Can Protect brain cells from oxidative damage, which supports long-term cognitive health and mental clarity.

Stress Reduction

Adaptogenic Effects: It may help the body manage stress by reducing cortisol levels and promoting a calm, focused mind.

Vitania Somnifera (Ashwagandha)

Stress Reduction

Cortisol Regulation: Ashwagandha is known for its potential to lower cortisol levels. 

It may help reduce stress and anxiety, significantly improving focus and attention.

Adaptogenic Properties: can Enhance the body’s resilience to stress, promoting overall mental well-being.

Cognitive Enhancement

Memory and Learning: It may support cognitive function, including memory and learning capabilities, through its neuroprotective effects.

Attention and Focus: Enhance attention and focus by reducing stress and improving mental clarity.

Energy and Endurance

Physical and Mental Stamina: this may support overall energy levels and endurance, which can help sustain focus and attention over extended periods.

Combined Benefits

Enhanced Cognitive Function

Memory and Learning: The combination of Lion’s Mane, Bacopa Monnieri, and Ashwagandha can support various aspects of cognitive function, including memory retention and Learning. Lion’s Mane can boost NGF, Bacopa may enhance cerebral blood flow, and Ashwagandha can support neuroprotective effects.

Synergistic Effects: Together, these ingredients can enhance attention and focus. Lion’s Mane can support neuronal health, Bacopa can improve attention span, and Ashwagandha can reduce stress, contributing to better concentration.

Adaptogenic Properties: Reishi, Bacopa, and Ashwagandha may help modulate the body’s stress response, reducing cortisol levels and supporting a balanced mood.

Reference:

Scientific Publications covering the Benefits of Combining Medicinal Mushrooms with Bacopa Monnieri and Vitania Somnifera (Ashwagandha) to Enhance Attention, Focus, and Overall Cognitive Function

Medicinal Mushrooms

1. Lion’s Mane (Hericium erinaceus)

Study: Mori, K., Inatomi, S., Ouchi, K., Azumi, Y., & Tuchida, T. (2009). Improving effects of the mushroom Yamabushitake (Hericium erinaceus) on mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytotherapy Research, 23(3), 367-372.

Summary: This clinical trial demonstrated that oral administration of Lion’s Mane significantly improved cognitive function in individuals with mild cognitive impairment.

Study: Nagano, M., Shimizu, K., Kondo, R., Hayashi, C., Sato, D., Kitagawa, K., … & Mori, K. (2010). Reduction of depression and anxiety by 4 weeks Hericium erinaceus intake. Biomedical Research, 31(4), 231-237.

Summary: The study found that Lion’s Mane supplementation helped reduce depression and anxiety in a group of female participants, indirectly supporting cognitive function by improving overall mental health.

2. Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum)

Study: He, L., Du, J., Chen, Y., Wang, Y., & Zhang, G. (2020). Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides ameliorate cognition deficits by enhancing mitochondrial function and suppressing apoptosis in the rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 10, 1331.

Summary: Reishi polysaccharides were shown to improve cognitive function in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease by enhancing mitochondrial function and suppressing neuronal apoptosis.

Study: Zhou, L. W., & Zhang, Y. B. (2015). Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) and its therapeutic effects in neurological disorders. American Journal of Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration, 7(2), 91-106.

Summary: This review highlights the neuroprotective effects of Reishi mushroom and its potential benefits in treating various neurological disorders, including cognitive decline.

3. Cordyceps (Cordyceps sinensis)

Study: Li, S. P., Zhao, K. J., Ji, Z. N., Song, Z. H., Dong, T. T., & Tsim, K. W. (2006). A polysaccharide isolated from Cordyceps sinensis, a traditional Chinese medicine, protects PC12 cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced injury. Life Sciences, 79(3), 250-255.

Summary: Cordyceps polysaccharides were found to protect neuronal cells from oxidative damage, suggesting benefits for cognitive health and prevention of neurodegeneration.

Study: Kiho, T., Ookubo, K., Usui, S., Ukai, S., & Hirano, K. (1999). Structural features and hypoglycemic activity of a polysaccharide (CS-F30) from the cultured mycelium of Cordyceps sinensis. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 22(9), 966-970.

Summary: The study indicates that Cordyceps sinensis has neuroprotective properties, which may enhance cognitive function by reducing oxidative stress.

Bacopa Monnieri

Study: Calabrese, C., Gregory, W. L., Leo, M., Kraemer, D., Bone, K., & Oken, B. (2008). Effects of a standardized Bacopa monnieri extract on cognitive performance, anxiety, and depression in the elderly: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 14(6), 707-713.

Summary: This study found that Bacopa Monnieri significantly improved cognitive performance and reduced anxiety and depression in elderly participants.

Study: Stough, C., Lloyd, J., Clarke, J., Downey, L. A., Hutchison, C. W., & Spong, J. (2001). The chronic effects of an extract of Bacopa monniera (Brahmi) on cognitive function in healthy human subjects. Psychopharmacology, 156(4), 481-484.

Summary: Bacopa Monnieri was shown to enhance cognitive function, particularly memory and processing speed, in healthy adults over a 12-week period.

Vitania Somnifera (Ashwagandha)

Study: Chandrasekhar, K., Kapoor, J., & Anishetty, S. (2012). A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of Ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 34(3), 255-262.

Summary: Ashwagandha significantly reduced stress and anxiety levels in adults, contributing to improved cognitive function and focus.

Study: Choudhary, D., Bhattacharyya, S., & Bose, S. (2017). Efficacy and safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract in improving memory and cognitive functions. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 14(6), 599-612.

Summary: This study demonstrated that Ashwagandha root extract improved memory and cognitive function in both healthy and cognitively impaired individuals.

This disclaimer emphasizes the informational nature of the content provided and underscores that it is not intended for diagnostic, treatment, or preventive purposes. It highlights that the information does not establish a patient-doctor relationship and should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice. Additionally, it clarifies that the FDA does not evaluate any products mentioned for their efficacy in treating, diagnosing, curing, or preventing diseases. The article is intended for healthcare professionals and educational purposes only, and it advises readers to consult licensed medical practitioners for personalized medical advice.

By harnessing the unique benefits of these natural compounds, we may enhance neuroprotection, cognitive performance, stress reduction, and overall brain health.

Here’s how each component can contribute and why their combination can be beneficial:

Medicinal Mushrooms

Lion’s Mane (Hericium erinaceus)

Neurogenesis and Neuroprotection: Stimulates the production of nerve growth factor (NGF), supporting the growth and maintenance of neurons, which enhances learning, memory, and cognitive function.

Anti-inflammatory Properties: Reduces inflammation in the brain, potentially protecting against neurodegenerative diseases.

Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum)

Stress Reduction: Helps modulate the body’s stress response, improving cognitive function by reducing stress-related cognitive impairment.

Antioxidant Effects: Protects brain cells from oxidative stress, supporting long-term brain health.

Cordyceps (Cordyceps sinensis)

Energy and Endurance: Increases ATP production, enhancing brain energy levels and mental stamina.

Oxygen Utilization: Improves oxygen utilization, supporting overall brain function and clarity.

Phospholipids

Phosphatidylserine

Cognitive Enhancement: Supports neuronal cell membrane integrity and facilitates neurotransmitter function, which is crucial for memory and learning.

Stress Response: Reduces cortisol levels, helping to protect the brain from stress-related damage and improving mood.

Phosphatidic Acid

Cellular Communication: Plays a role in cell signaling pathways essential for memory formation and cognitive function.

Neuroprotection: Supports brain cell membrane structure and function, potentially enhancing cognitive resilience and performance.

Combined Benefits

Enhanced Neuroprotection

Synergistic Effects: Both medicinal mushrooms and phospholipids provide neuroprotective benefits. Together, they offer a more comprehensive approach to protecting brain cells from oxidative stress, inflammation, and age-related decline.

Improved Cognitive Function

Memory and Learning: The combination may support various aspects of cognitive function, including memory, learning, and processing speed. Lion’s Mane boosts NGF, while phosphatidylserine enhances neurotransmitter function, improving memory consolidation and recall.

Neuroplasticity: The combination may enhance neuroplasticity, the brain’s ability to form and reorganize synaptic connections, especially in response to learning and experience.

Stress Reduction and Mood Improvement

References:

1. Phosphatidylserine (PS)

Study: Kato-Kataoka, A., Sakai, M., Ebina, R., Nonaka, C., Asano, T., & Miyamori, T. (2010). Chronic Phosphatidylserine (PS) Supplementation Improves Memory and Cognition in the Elderly with Memory Complaints: Results of a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 47(3), 246-255.

Summary: This study demonstrated that chronic phosphatidylserine supplementation significantly improved memory and cognitive function in elderly individuals with memory complaints.

Study: Crook, T. H., Tinklenberg, J., Yesavage, J., Petrie, W., Nunzi, M. G., & Massari, D. C. (1991). Effects of phosphatidylserine in age-associated memory impairment. Neurology, 41(5), 644-649.

Summary: This study found that phosphatidylserine improved cognitive performance in elderly individuals with age-associated memory impairment.

Study: Vakhapova, V., Cohen, T., Richter, Y., Herzog, Y., & Korczyn, A. D. (2010). Phosphatidylserine containing Omega-3 fatty acids may improve memory abilities in non-demented elderly with memory complaints: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 29(5), 467-474.

Summary: The study showed that phosphatidylserine containing omega-3 fatty acids significantly improved memory abilities in non-demented elderly individuals with memory complaints.

2. Phosphatidic Acid (PA)

Study: Galvan, I., & Suresh, V. (2017). Phosphatidic Acid: A Potential Neuroprotective Agent for Neurodegenerative and Neurological Disorders. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 60(2), 343-357.

Summary: This review discusses the potential neuroprotective effects of phosphatidic acid and its role in neurodegenerative and neurological disorders.

Study: Jho, E. H., Song, H. R., & Nam, K. Y. (2010). Phosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidic acid mediate a cellular response through receptor-mediated and non-receptor-mediated pathways. Experimental & Molecular Medicine, 42(10), 744-752.

Summary: This study highlights the role of phosphatidic acid in cellular responses, including potential benefits for brain cell membrane structure and function.

3. Combined Phospholipids

Study: Blusztajn, J. K., & Wurtman, R. J. (1983). Choline and cholinergic neurons. Science, 221(4611), 614-620. Summary: This foundational study discusses the role of choline (a precursor to phospholipids) in cholinergic neuron function, essential for memory and cognition.

Study: McDaniel, M. A., Maier, S. F., & Einstein, G. O. (2003). “Brain-specific” nutrients: A memory cure? Nutrition, 19(11-12), 957-975.

Summary: This review covers the impact of various phospholipids, including phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid, on brain function, memory, and cognitive health.

Study: Kidd, P. M. (1999). A review of nutrients and botanicals in the integrative management of cognitive dysfunction. Alternative Medicine Review, 4(3), 144-161.

Summary: This review highlights the benefits of phospholipids in managing cognitive dysfunction, emphasizing their role in supporting memory and cognitive health.

4. General Reviews on Phospholipids and Cognitive Health

Review: Glade, M. J., & Smith, K. (2015). Phosphatidylserine and the human brain. Nutrition, 31(6), 781-786.

Summary: This review discusses the critical role of phosphatidylserine in brain health and its benefits for memory and cognitive function.

Review: Chang, C. H., Chen, Y. H., & Wu, H. C. (2015). Phosphatidylserine: The smart nutrient for the brain. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 35(1), 8-20.

Summary: The review highlights the cognitive benefits of phosphatidylserine, including improved memory, attention, and mood.

Numerous medical conditions can affect a woman’s quality of life, daily functioning, and state of mind throughout the female reproductive cycle. Conventional medicine can help but only sometimes provides a solution. Even when medical treatments are available, the accompanying side effects can sometimes worsen the quality of life.

When conventional medicine fails to produce a positive result, the answer may come from an unexpected source: the world of medicinal mushrooms.

Reishi Mushroom: Balancing Hormones and Easing Migraines

During the monthly hormonal cycle, many women experience mood swings, irritability, anxiety, and significant stress, especially during PMS and menstruation. The medicinal mushroom Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) can help due to its ability to balance and calm the nervous system.

Many women also suffer from migraines, debilitating headaches that restrict activity and temporarily paralyze them. Reishi contains components that balance the nervous system, reducing the intensity of pain and the frequency of attacks. Prolonged use can bring substantial relief.

Reishi also promotes better liver function, an organ crucial to the female hormonal system. The liver produces cholesterol, which is necessary for sex hormone production and for generating enzymes that identify and dismantle excess hormones from food, drink, and the body itself. These surpluses, if not eliminated, can complicate conception, as seen in Endometriosis and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), where excess estrogen hinders pregnancy.

Reishi contains at least 12 anti-inflammatory substances with antioxidants that protect women’s skin from sun damage. This characteristic helps women maintain skin health and beauty, especially during hot seasons.

Maitake Mushroom: Supporting Fertility and Combating Candida

PCOS, a condition in which many cysts form in the ovaries, makes conception difficult. The medicinal mushroom Maitake (Grifola frondosa) lowers high insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) levels, which are elevated in PCOS, aiding successful conception.

Candida, a fungus living in the digestive and skin mucus, can become parasitic when unbalanced, causing fatigue, indigestion, sweet cravings, weight issues, hair loss, and more. Vaginal Candida causes itching, redness, and discharge. Maitake teaches the immune system to identify Candida as a parasitic fungus, restoring equilibrium. It also weakens Candida’s cell walls in the digestive tract, restraining its growth, and optimizes sugar entry into cells, reducing Candida’s food sources. Maitake is effective in diabetes, where insulin resistance prevents sugar entry into cells, leaving blood sugar levels high.

Turkey Tail Mushroom: Healing and Protecting Tissues

The mushroom Trametes Coriolus Versicolor, popularly known as Turkey Tail, contains substances that aid in restoring damaged digestive tract tissues from unbalanced Candida or damaged vaginal tissues from Candida or bacteria like E. coli, common in menopausal women suffering from vaginal dryness due to declining estrogen levels.

Turkey Tail also helps reduce heartburn symptoms during pregnancy by protecting damaged esophageal tissues from stomach acidity, which causes heartburn.

Shiitake Mushroom: Enhancing Blood Flow and Immune Response

The medicinal mushroom Shiitake (Lentinus edodes) improves peripheral blood flow, ensuring essential nutrients reach all body parts, including the female genitals.

Additionally, Shiitake polysaccharides teach the immune system to recognize unbalanced parasitic Candida and various bacteria like E. coli, commonly found in menopausal women with dry vaginal linings due to reduced estrogen.

Embracing Nature’s Remedies

Medicinal mushrooms offer a natural alternative for supporting women’s health throughout their hormonal cycles. These mushrooms provide valuable benefits from balancing hormones and easing migraines to enhancing fertility, combating Candida, and protecting skin and tissue health. Embracing these natural remedies can improve the quality of life and support overall well-being for women at every stage of life.

References:

 BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013 Dec 26;13:370. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-370.

Antidepressant-like effects of a water-soluble extract from the culture medium of Ganoderma lucidum mycelia in rats.

Matsuzaki H, Shimizu Y, Iwata N, Kamiuchi S, Suzuki F, Iizuka H, Hibino Y, Okazaki M

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=anxiety+and+reishi

 Dow College of Pharmacy, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi,

CAUSES OF MIGRAINE IN KARACHIITES AND ITS TREATMENT FROM MUSHROOMS

Fakhsheena Anjum, Nighat Razvi, Hina Yasin, Arije Ahmad, Marvi Khan Sherwani, Nimra Rahim Khan and Sidra Arshad

Pakistan

http://www.pharmascholars.com/upload/pharmacy_52bb01ca763a3.pdf

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:916531. doi: 10.1155/2014/916531. Epub 2014 May 5.

An Immunomodulatory Protein (Ling Zhi-8) from a Ganoderma lucidum Induced Acceleration of Wound Healing in Rat Liver Tissues after Monopolar Electrosurgery.

Lin HJ, Chang YS, Lin LH, Haung CF, Wu CY, Ou KL

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24883073

 Int J Med Mushrooms. 2014;16(6):529-39.

Screening and isolation for anti-hepatofibrotic components from medicinal mushrooms using TGF-(β1-induced live fibrosis in hepatic stellate cells.

Geng Y, Wang J, Xie M, Lu Z, Xu H, Shi JS, Xu ZH

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25404218

 J Altern Complement Med. 2010 Dec;16(12):1295-9. doi: 10.1089/acm.2009.0696. Epub 2010 Oct 29.

Maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa) extract induces ovulation in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a possible monotherapy and a combination therapy after failure with first-line clomiphene citrate.

Chen JT, Tominaga K, Sato Y, Anzai H, Matsuoka R

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=maitake+PCOS

 Nihon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi. 2010;51(2):99-107.

Anti-fungal cell wall beta-glucan antibody in animal sera.

Ishibashi K, Dogasaki C, Motoi M, Miura N, Adachi Y, Ohno N

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20467198

 Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2009 Apr 23;73(4):908-11. Epub 2009 Apr 7.

Involvement of branched units at position 6 in the reactivity of a unique variety of beta-D-glucan from Aureobasidium pullulans to antibodies in human sera.

Tada R, Tanioka A, Ishibashi K, Adachi Y, Tsubaki K, Ohno N

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19352033

 Glycoconj J. 2014 Jul;31(5):355-63. doi: 10.1007/s10719-014-9526-x. Epub 2014 Jun 8.

A polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa relieves insulin resistance of HepG2 cell by Akt-GSK-3 pathway.

Ma X, Zhou F, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Hou L, Cao X, Wang C

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24908430

  Fitoterapia. 2013 Sep;89:210-7. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.05.021. Epub 2013 Jun 3.

The H+/K+-ATPase inhibitory activities of Trametenolic acid B from Trametes lactinea (Berk.) Pat, and its effects on gastric cancer cells.

Zhang Q, Huang N, Wang J, Luo H, He H, Ding M, Deng WQ, Zou K

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 Food Rev Int 1995;11:111–28.

Shiitake. Lentinus edodes: functional properties for medicinal and food purposes.

Mizuno T.

Research in the field of functional nutrition, which began in the 1970s, found that while administering a food supplement containing friendly bacteria (probiotics), it is important to add nutrients to the bacterium in order to improve the ability of the bacteria to form colonies in the intestine. The researchers discovered two substances found to be effective in achieving this, namely Inulin and Oligosaccharides, which are the main nutrients used in supplements today. In modern research, the unique components in medicinal mushrooms and their beneficial effect on intestinal flora, have captured the attention of clinicians. The components that were found most interesting and relevant are polysaccharides, triterpenoids and glycoproteins.

In a variety of studies, it has been found that medicinal mushrooms have great prebiotic potential.

Mushroom fibers have a prebiotic quality, meaning that the fibers are a food substrate for the intestinal – friendly bacteria (probiotic). Studies found that a combination of prebiotic components derived from medicinal mushrooms, improves the function of the immune system in the intestine, reduces the

frequency of infection and inflammation in the intestinal cavity, and assists in lowering allergic reactions by improving digestion and intestinal motility.

Medicinal mushrooms contain an assortment of components with prebiotic qualities:

Chitin, Hemicellulose, α-Glucans, Mannans, Xylans, and Galactans

Chitin is an insoluble polysaccharide that constitutes about 80-90% of the weight of the dry material in the mushroom’s cell wall, with a ratio of 68-102 mg. per each gram of dried mushroom. Chitin is not digested by humans and has no therapeutic effect; however, it is defined as a fiber having prebiotic function. Most probiotic fibers belong to the family of beta glucans. Polysaccharides in medicinal mushrooms have lateral chains connecting them to the family of glucans { This is how the form of binding looks: β-glucans-1,3/1,6 }. Medicinal mushrooms rich in oligosaccharides are recognized in functional nutrition as probiotic bacteria feeders.

The medicinal mushroom Pleurotus Ostreatus is one of the richest in prebiotic components, with a concentration of 5.3 mg for each gram of dry Pleurotus. In comparison, the medicinal mushroom Shiitake (Lentinula Edodes) contains 2 mg for every gram of dry material. Research has found that daily consumption of the Pleurotus mushroom has a significant effect on the friendly bacterial population in the intestine. (1) Professor Synytsya from the Biochemical Research Institute in Prague proved in a study conducted in 2008, that the addition of the medicinal mushroom Pleurotus Ostreatus in its dehydrated form, to a substrate of probiotic bacteria, resulted in the proliferation of 9 different strains of probiotic bacteria of the following types: Enterococcus faecium, Bifidobacteria ssp., and Lactobacillus ssp. In addition, an increase was observed in the levels of short chained fatty acids (SFCA), which play an important role in the regeneration of bowel cells. The increase in SCFA levels indicates the ability of the probiotic bacteria to feed from fiber when the fatty acids are a by-product of digestion. (2)

A study conducted in 2013 by two medical centers (The Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Nutrition Unit at Harvard Medical School, and The Gynecology Unit at Boston College of Medicine), examined the effect of the polysaccharide PSP from the medicinal mushroom Trametes Versicolor (Coriolus Versicolor) on intestinal flora by testing the subjects’ stool samples. The study found a dramatic effect on the growth of probiotic bacteria of the type Lactobacillus

ssp. At the same time, a decrease was observed in the amount of pathogenic bacteria from the following types: Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp. It became evident that the feeding process of the bacteria by the PSP caused a reduction in the level of PH (as a result of an increase in the quantity of SCFA and lactic acids in the intestine), which created a hostile environment to pathogenic bacteria. (3 )

Further to the prebiotic activity, medicinal mushrooms were found to have an adversative effect on pathogenic bacteria and Candida in the digestive system. Research conducted at the University of Seoul in the year 1996 examined the influence of 10 different varieties of medicinal mushrooms on the Helicobacter Pylori bacteria. The Helicobacter Pylori bacteria is found in the abdominal cavity, making it easy to check the direct effect of mushrooms on the bacteria. The mushrooms that demonstrated anti-pylori activity were the Reishi (Ganoderma Lucidum) and Trametes Versicolor (Coriolus Versicolor). The Trametes mushroom also helps to restore stomach lining and reduce acids. (4)

In conclusion, the combination of bacteria with medicinal mushrooms is a powerful synergistic union that improves the absorption of probiotic bacteria in the intestine and provides high quality nutrients to enrich the intestinal flora and improve general metabolism.

References:

1

Mushroom as a potential source of prebiotics: a review Trends in Food Science & Technology 20 (2009) 567e575.

2

Glucans from fruit bodies of cultivated mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii: Structure and potential prebiotic activity Carbohydrate Polymers 76 (2009) 548–556.

3

Trametes versicolor extract modifies human fecal microbiota composition in vitro. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2013 Jun;68(2):107-12.

4

Anti-Helicobacter pylori Activity of Mushrooms Arch. Pharm. Res. Vol.19, No6, pp. 447-449. 1996.

There are many types of stress, and this short presentation will not cover all of them.

The three main types are:

1. Acute stress: Short-term and can be positive or negative, commonly encountered daily.
2. Chronic stress: Ongoing stress resulting from life circumstances, environment, or childhood trauma.
3. Eustress: Generally optimistic, energizing, and exhilarating stress, often accompanied by an adrenaline surge.

Effective stress management strategies are crucial to navigating daily stressors without adverse health effects. Understanding how stress affects the body and incorporating lifestyle changes, daily exercising, good nutrition, and techniques for nervous system regulation can help mitigate its impact on overall well-being.

Adaptogens: Nature’s Stress Fighters

Adaptogens are plants, roots, and mushrooms that help the body respond to stress, fatigue, anxiety, or depression while enhancing overall well-being.

To qualify as adaptogens, they must meet several criteria:

1. Aid the body in coping with stress.
2. Help the body return to balance or homeostasis.
3. They must not harm the usual body functioning.

Adaptogens are used to minimize stress reactions and provide protection against the long-term effects of stress.

These natural substances regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a hormone-signaling pathway vital to the stress response. Adaptogens also improve mental fatigue and focus during stressful situations, aiding in everyday performance.

Popular adaptogenic herbs include ashwagandha, Rhodiola, holy basil, and Schisandra. Additionally, various species of mushrooms, such as Reishi, cordyceps, and Lion’s Mane, are gaining recognition for their adaptogenic properties.

The Mushroom Kingdom: Harnessing Nature’s Adaptogens

Mushrooms offer diverse fungi, with edible species increasingly used as functional ingredients in everyday foods. Adaptogenic mushrooms are incorporated into teas, coffees, nutrition bars, and stress-reducing beverages to support the body’s stress response.

Historically, mushrooms have been utilized for medicinal purposes, including reducing inflammation and immune support. Modern research explores their potential, with psychedelic mushrooms like psilocybin being studied for various stress disorders.

Most mushroom species in functional foods and beverages are adaptogenic, benefiting the HPA axis and stress response. Integrating these mushrooms into daily routines may promote a more balanced stress response and well-being.

Key Mushroom Varieties and Their Benefits

Reishi: Known for immune system modulation and stress regulation, it promotes relaxation and improved sleep due to its impact on the GABA pathway.

Cordyceps: may Help improve energy levels and combat stress-related fatigue, with potential antidepressant-like effects.

Lion’s Mane: It may enhance cognitive function and mental clarity and stabilize mood through serotonin and dopamine regulation.

Incorporating Mushrooms into Your Routine

Adaptogenic mushrooms can be consumed in various forms, including powdered extracts or encapsulated doses. Timing and dosage recommendations vary based on personal preferences and individual needs.

Consulting a healthcare professional is essential to determine the best approach for incorporating adaptogenic mushrooms into one’s lifestyle. Additionally, individuals with specific health conditions or medications should exercise caution when using mushrooms as supplements.

This disclaimer emphasizes the informational nature of the content provided and underscores that it is not intended for diagnostic, treatment, or preventive purposes. It highlights that the information does not establish a patient-doctor relationship and should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice. Additionally, it clarifies that the FDA does not evaluate any products mentioned for their efficacy in treating, diagnosing, curing, or preventing diseases. The article is intended for healthcare professionals and educational purposes only, and it advises readers to consult licensed medical practitioners for personalized medical advice.

One mushroom that’s getting a lot of attention is the Lion’s Mane mushroom. Studies have found that Lion’s Mane contains compounds that can help our brains make new cells and strengthen their connections. This could help us remember things better and think more clearly.
Another mushroom is Reishi. It’s famous for its ability to help our bodies handle stress. Since too much stress can hurt our memory and thinking skills, Reishi might help keep our minds sharp.
Chaga is another mushroom that scientists are interested in because of its potential benefits. It contains compounds that protect brain cells from damage caused by pollution or stress, which could help us keep our memory as we age.

Medicinal mushrooms are easy to include in our daily routines. We can drink mushroom tea, cook with mushrooms, or take mushroom supplements.
While medicinal mushrooms may contribute to our memory and cognitive health, they are just one piece of the puzzle. Regular exercise, sufficient sleep, stress management, and a balanced diet with various nutritious foods are all crucial components of overall health. Caring for our entire bodies ensures our brains stay sharp and healthy as we age.

This disclaimer emphasizes the informational nature of the content provided and underscores that it is not intended for diagnostic, treatment, or preventive purposes. It highlights that the information does not establish a patient-doctor relationship and should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice. Additionally, it clarifies that the FDA does not evaluate any products mentioned for their efficacy in treating, diagnosing, curing, or preventing diseases. The article is intended for healthcare professionals and educational purposes only, and it advises readers to consult licensed medical practitioners for personalized medical advice.